Spirocyclic ebi2 modulators

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are small molecule Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) modulator compounds, compositions comprising the compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions comprising the compounds. In some embodiments, EBI2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases or conditions such as, but not limited to, autoimmune diseases or conditions, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/883,092, filed Sep. 26, 2013, and U.S. Application Ser. No. 61/883,100, filed Sep. 26, 2013, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are compounds that modulate the activity of Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2), also known as G-protein coupled receptor 183. EBI2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of a variety of diseases or conditions. In some embodiments, EBI2 is a therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases or conditions such as, but not limited to, autoimmune diseases or conditions, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

In one aspect, provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

wherein: X is a bond, —CH═CH—, or —C≡C—; Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is —CH═CH—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is —C≡C—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted benzofuranyl, or optionally substituted benzothiophenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted indolyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a —C(O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein each p is 1 and each t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein each p is 2 and each t is 1.

Any combination of the groups described above or below for the various variables is contemplated herein. Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof are chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds.

In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug, or N-oxide thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof, is formulated for a route of administration selected from oral administration, parenteral administration, buccal administration, nasal administration, topical administration, or rectal administration.

In another aspect is a method of treating an autoimmune disease or condition comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease is selected from type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. In another embodiment is a method of treating type-1-diabetes comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating multiple sclerosis comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In another embodiment is a method of treating lupus comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof.

In another aspect is a method of treating a cardiovascular disease or condition comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In one embodiment, the cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis.

In another aspect is a method of treating a viral infection comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In one embodiment, the viral infection is an Epstein-Barr viral infection.

In another aspect is a method of treating cancer comprising administering to an individual in need a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof. In one embodiment, the cancer is blood, brain, breast, colorectal, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin or uterine cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer produces molecules involved in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) mediated signaling. In some embodiments, the molecules are EBI2 receptor. In some embodiments, the cancer is associated with EBV or other herpes virus infections. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hematopoietic tumor. In some embodiments, the hematopoietic tumor is a tumor of myeloid or lymphoid tissues. In some embodiments, the cancer is a brain cancer. In some embodiments, the EBI2 receptor is mutated or its expression level altered. In some embodiments, the molecules are oxysterols. In some embodiments, the oxysterol is an EBI2 ligand. In some embodiments, the oxysterol level is altered. In some embodiments, the molecule is an enzyme involved in metabolism of oxysterols. In some embodiments, the enzyme is mutated or its expression level altered.

In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition mediated by EBI2 in a subject in need thereof, which method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect, described herein is a method of treating a disease in a subject mediated by EBI2, which method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is an autoimmune disease or condition. In some embodiments, the autoimmune disease or condition is selected from type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is a cardiovascular disease or condition. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular disease or condition is atherosclerosis. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is a viral infection. In some embodiments, the viral infection is Epstein-Barr viral infection. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is blood, brain, breast, colorectal, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin or uterine cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer produces molecules involved in Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) mediated signaling. In some embodiments, the molecules are EBI2 receptor. In some embodiments, the cancer is associated with EBV or other herpes virus infections. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hematopoietic tumor. In some embodiments, the hematopoietic tumor is a tumor of myeloid or lymphoid tissues. In some embodiments, the cancer is a brain cancer. In some embodiments, the EBI2 receptor is mutated or its expression level altered. In some embodiments, the molecules are oxysterols. In some embodiments, the oxysterol is an EBI2 ligand. In some embodiments, the oxysterol level is altered. In some embodiments, the molecule is an enzyme involved in metabolism of oxysterols. In some embodiments, the enzyme is mutated or its expression level altered.

Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or condition in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or condition in a human, wherein the autoimmune disease or condition is selected from type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of a cardiovascular disease or condition in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of atherosclerosis in a human.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of a viral infection in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of Epstein-Barr viral infection in a human.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of cancer in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the treatment of a blood, brain, breast, colorectal, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin or uterine cancer in a human. In some embodiments, the cancer produces molecules involved in Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) mediated signaling. In some embodiments, the molecules are EBI2 receptor. In some embodiments, the cancer is associated with EBV or other herpes virus infections. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hematopoietic tumor. In some embodiments, the hematopoietic tumor is a tumor of myeloid or lymphoid tissues. In some embodiments, the cancer is a brain cancer. In some embodiments, the EBI2 receptor is mutated or its expression level altered. In some embodiments, the molecules are oxysterols. In some embodiments, the oxysterol is an EBI2 ligand. In some embodiments, the oxysterol level is altered. In some embodiments, the molecule is an enzyme involved in metabolism of oxysterols. In some embodiments, the enzyme is mutated or its expression level altered.

Also provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or condition in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or condition in a human, wherein the autoimmune disease or condition is selected from type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a cardiovascular disease or condition in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of atherosclerosis in a human.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a viral infection in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an Epstein-Barr viral infection in a human.

Further provided is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer in a human. In some embodiments is the use of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or N-oxide thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a blood, brain, breast, colorectal, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin or uterine cancer in a human. In some embodiments, the cancer produces molecules involved in Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) mediated signaling. In some embodiments, the molecules are EBI2 receptor. In some embodiments, the cancer is associated with EBV or other herpes virus infections. In some embodiments, the cancer is a hematopoietic tumor. In some embodiments, the hematopoietic tumor is a tumor of myeloid or lymphoid tissues. In some embodiments, the cancer is a brain cancer. In some embodiments, the EBI2 receptor is mutated or its expression level altered. In some embodiments, the molecules are oxysterols. In some embodiments, the oxysterol is an EBI2 ligand. In some embodiments, the oxysterol level is altered. In some embodiments, the molecule is an enzyme involved in metabolism of oxysterols. In some embodiments, the enzyme is mutated or its expression level altered.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which: (a) the effective amount of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), is systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) the effective amount of the compound is administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) the effective amount of the compound is intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) the effective amount of the compound is administered by inhalation; and/or (e) the effective amount of the compound is administered by nasal administration; or and/or (f) the effective amount of the compound is administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) the effective amount of the compound is administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) the effective amount of the compound is administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) the effective amount of the compound is administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) the effective amount is adminstered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered once; (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv) continuously.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising multiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternative embodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment, the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.

In any of the aforementioned aspects involving the administration of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a subject are further embodiments comprising administering at least one additional agent in addition to the administration of a compound having the structure of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In various embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) and the additional agent are administered in any order, including simultaneously. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) and the additional agent are administered to the subject in the same pharmaceutical composition or in separate pharmaceutical compositions.

In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, the subject is a human.

In some embodiments, compounds and compositions provided herein are administered to a human.

In some embodiments, compounds and compositions provided herein are orally administered.

In other embodiments, compounds provided herein are used for the formulation of a medicament for the modulation of the activity of EBI2 in a subject.

Articles of manufacture, which include packaging material, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, within the packaging material, and a label that indicates that the compound or composition, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomers, pharmaceutically acceptable N-oxide, pharmaceutically active metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, is used for the treatment of diseases or conditions that would benefit from modulation of EBI2, are provided.

Other objects, features and advantages of the compounds, methods and compositions described herein will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the instant disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A robust antibody response is essential for efficient identification and eradication of pathogenic microbes and toxins, whereas dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to autoimmune disease. Specific antigen encounter by B lymphocytes induces clonal expansion that encompasses several distinct stages of differentiation. During this differentiation process, a critical cell fate decision is made wherein some B cells will undergo terminal differentiation into antibody-producing cells, while a separate cohort will assume a distinct pathway of differentiation to become long-lived memory B cells.

EBI2 is expressed on B cells and is highly induced upon activation. EBI2 was cloned in 1993 as one out of nine up-regulated genes in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected Burkitt lymphoma cells. These nine genes were up-regulated from 4- to 100-fold upon EBV infection, and two 7TM receptors were identified among the up-regulated genes (Epstein-Barr-induced receptors 1 and 2, EBI1 and -2). EBI2 displayed the highest up-regulation (200-fold) among the nine EBV-induced genes. Initial expression analyses of the nine genes uncovered an expression of EBI2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), tonsils, spleen, and lung tissue.

EBI2 has been characterized in terms of signaling activities at the level of G-proteins as well as at the level of the transcriptional activity. Recent gene targeting experiments revealed that EBI2−/− B cells exhibited defective migration, resulting in strongly impaired T cell-dependent antibody responses.

The role of EBI2 in diseases involving an immune system dysregulation or diseases involving EBV infection is compelling. Many of these diseases overlap, as, in addition to EBI2, EBV regulates many different proteins related to the immune system, such as chemokines and their receptors. There are many disorders in which immune dysregulation have been implicated. Autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, such as type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, have been connected to an aberrant activation of the immune system.

Inflammation substantially contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, and especially of atherosclerosis. As high levels of oxysterols (physiologic ligands for EBI2) are present in an atherosclerotic plaque and EBI2 is expressed on monocytes, which have a central role in atherosclerosis, the oxysterol-EBI2 pathway may be involved in the recruitment of immune cells to atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, EBI2 blockade might provide a therapeutic benefit in atherosclerosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are EBI2 antagonists.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are EBI2 inverse agonists.

Compounds

In one aspect, provided herein is a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

wherein: X is a bond, —CH═CH—, or —C≡C—; Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is substituted aryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, and Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is substituted indolyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, and Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl 1 substituted with one Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is substituted aryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, and Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted benzimidazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted benzoxazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted benzothiazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted quinolinyl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (I) wherein R₂ is substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is —CH═CH—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein X is —C≡C—.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 1 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 1 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 1 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 2 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 3 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 3 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (I) wherein p is 3 and t is 3.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (II):

wherein:

X is —CH═CH—, or —C≡C—;

Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (II) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (III):

wherein:

X is —CH═CH—, or —C≡C—;

Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —CH═CH—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In one embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl, and R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (III) wherein X is —C≡C—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (IV):

wherein:

X is —N(H)—, —N(R₃)—, —O—, or —S—;

Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₃ is C₁-C₆alkyl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted aryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, and Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein R₂ is substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein X is —N(H)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein X is —N(R₃)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein X is —N(R₃)— and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein X is —O—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein X is —S—.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 1 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 1 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 1 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 2 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 2 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 2 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 3 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 3 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IV) wherein p is 3 and t is 3.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (V):

wherein:

X is —N(H)—, —N(R₃)—, —O—, or —S—;

Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₃ is C₁-C₆alkyl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(R₃)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(R₃)— and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —O—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —S—.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂— and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (V) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (VI):

wherein:

X is —N(H)—, —N(R₃)—, —O—, or —S—;

Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₃ is C₁-C₆alkyl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(R₃)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(R₃)— and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —O—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —S—.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(═O)—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —CH₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —CH₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —C(H)(Ph)-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —C(H)(Ph)-, R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)— and Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂— and R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H) Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, and R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VI) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is —OCH₃. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (Vi) wherein X is —N(H)—, Y is —S(═O)₂—, R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more groups selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, n is 1, and R₁ is CF₃.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (VII):

wherein: each R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; each R₂ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; m is an integer independently selected from 0-4; n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 0 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 2 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 2 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 2 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 3 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 3 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 3 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 3 and n is 3.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₅heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 0 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 2 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 2 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 2 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 3 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 3 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 3 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 3 and n is 3.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 1, each t is 2, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 0 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 2 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 2 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 2 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 3 and n is 0. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 3 and n is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 3 and n is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 3 and n is 3.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 0, and R₁ is selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VII) wherein each p is 2, each t is 1, m is 1, n is 1, and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from F, Cl, and Br.

In some embodiments is a compound having the structure of Formula (VIII):

wherein: A is a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl; Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is independently selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NR₄R₅, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, phenyl, or heteroaryl; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and n is an integer independently selected from 0-4; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is a monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is a bicyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted indolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted benzofuranyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted benzothienyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted benzimidazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted benzoxazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted benzothiazolyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein A is optionally substituted quinolinyl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted aryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted phenyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NH₂, —NO₂, —OH, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆heteroalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, aryl, O-aryl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, and Br. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one F. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Cl. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one Br.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted monocyclic heteroaryl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is unsubstituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein R₂ is substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is a bond. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is —C(═O)—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is —S(═O)₂—. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is unsubstituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein Y is substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 1 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 1 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 1 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 2 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 2 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 2 and t is 3. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 3 and t is 1. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 3 and t is 2. In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (VIII) wherein p is 3 and t is 3.

In another embodiment is a compound having the structure of Formula (IX):

wherein: R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; Y and Z are independently a bond, O, —C(O)—N(R³)—, —C(O)—O—, —N(R⁴)—, —C(R⁵)(R⁶)—, SO₂, S, C(O)═CH—, C(O)═CR⁷—, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl;

X is CH— or N—;

R³-R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —S(O)R¹²—C(O)—N(R¹³)—R¹⁴, —C(O)—O—R¹⁵, —SO₂N(R¹⁶)(R¹⁷) optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, solvate, tautomer, or N-oxide thereof.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (IX) wherein the compound is a selective EBI2 antagonist or inverse agonist.

In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (IX) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect is a method of treating a disease in a subject mediated by EBI2 comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (IX) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another embodiment is a compound having the structure of Formula (X):

wherein: R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or otionally substituted cycloalkyl; Y and Z are independently a bond, O, —C(O)—N(R³)—, —C(O)—O—, —N(R⁴)—, —C(R⁵)(R⁶)—, SO₂, S, C(O)═CH—, C(O)═CR⁷—, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl; Z is independently CR⁸ or N;

X is CH— or N—;

A, B and C are independently N, O, S, CR⁹; R³-R⁹ are independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, solvate, tautomer, or N-oxide thereof.

In another embodiment is a compound of Formula (X) wherein the compound is a selective EBI2 antagonist or inverse agonist.

In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (X) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another aspect is a method of treating a disease in a subject mediated by EBI2 comprising administering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (X) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In another embodiment is a compound selected from:

(2E)-1-{7-[(2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(3-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop- 2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-[2-(phenylcarbonyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl]prop-2-en-1- one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop- 2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(3-methylphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non- 7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non- 7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non- 2-yl ketone (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-(7-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop- 2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop- 2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 4-(2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7- carbonyl)phenylboronic acid 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 4-(2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7- carbonyl)phenylboronic acid 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5-yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 4-({2-[(2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}carbonyl)-2- fluorobenzenecarbonitrile (2E)-1-{7-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone (2E)-1-{7-[(4-aminophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)prop-2-en-1-one 6-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 6-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non- 2-yl ketone 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 7-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl 5-bromoindol-2-yl ketone 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1- one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop- 2-yn-1-one 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn- 1-one 1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2- yn-1-one 1-{7-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2- yn-1-one 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl}prop-2-yn-1-one 3-(2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolen-5-yl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one 1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2- yn-1-one 5-chloroindol-2-yl 9-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-3,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-3-yl ketone 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 3-(2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolen-5-yl)-1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one

In another embodiment is a compound selected from:

Name (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-[2-(phenylcarbonyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl]prop-2-en- 1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-1-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4- bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(3-methylphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl}prop-2-en-1-one

In another embodiment is a compound selected from:

Name 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl ketone 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl 5-chloroindol-2-yl ketone 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl 5-chloroindol-2-yl ketone 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone 8-[(5-chloroindol-2-yl)carbonyl]-2,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-1,3-dione 5-chloroindol-2-yl 9-{[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-3,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-3-yl ketone

In another embodiment is a compound having the structure:

In another embodiment is a compound having the structure:

Further Forms of Compounds

In one aspect, the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), possesses one or more stereocenters and each stereocenter exists independently in either the R or S configuration. The compounds presented herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. The compounds and methods provided herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds/salts, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, resolution of enantiomers is carried out using covalent diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds described herein. In another embodiment, diastereomers are seprated by separation/resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In other embodiments, separation of steroisomers is performed by chromatography or by the forming diastereomeric salts and separation by recrystallization, or chromatography, or any combination thereof. Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samuel H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions”, John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981. In one aspect, stereoisomers are obtained by stereoselective synthesis.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs. A “prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. In some embodiments, the design of a prodrug increases the effective water solubility. An example, without limitation, of a prodrug is a compound described herein, which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transmittal across a cell membrane where water solubility is detrimental to mobility but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial. A further example of a prodrug might be a short peptide (polyaminoacid) bonded to an acid group where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety. In certain embodiments, upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. In certain embodiments, a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.

In one aspect, prodrugs are designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, the design prodrugs of the compound is possible. (see, for example, Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392; Silverman (1992), The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pages 352-401, Rooseboom et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 56:53-102, 2004; Aesop Cho, “Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery”, Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 41, 395-407, 2006; T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series).

In some cases, some of the herein-described compounds may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.

In some embodiments, sites on the aromatic ring portion of compounds described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions Therefore incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures will reduce, minimize or eliminate this metabolic pathway. In specific embodiments, the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a halogen, or an alkyl group.

In another embodiment, the compounds described herein are labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.

Compounds described herein include isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the various formulae and structures presented herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the present compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as, for example, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ³⁶Cl. In one aspect, isotopically-labeled compounds described herein, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In one aspect, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium affords certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, such as, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.

In additional or further embodiments, the compounds described herein are metabolized upon administration to an organism in need to produce a metabolite that is then used to produce a desired effect, including a desired therapeutic effect.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein, refers a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained by reacting a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) with acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are also obtained by reacting a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) with a base to form a salt.

Compounds described herein may be formed as, and/or used as, pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The type of pharmaceutical acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to: (1) acid addition salts, formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable: inorganic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and the like; or with an organic acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, butyric acid, phenylacetic acid, phenylbutyric acid, valproic acid, and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion (e.g. lithium, sodium, potassium), an alkaline earth ion (e.g. magnesium, or calcium), or an aluminum ion. In some cases, compounds described herein may coordinate with an organic base, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, dicyclohexylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine. In other cases, compounds described herein may form salts with amino acids such as, but not limited to, arginine, lysine, and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases used to form salts with compounds that include an acidic proton, include, but are not limited to, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like.

It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms, particularly solvates. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and may be formed during the process of crystallization with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Solvates of compounds described herein can be conveniently prepared or formed during the processes described herein. In addition, the compounds provided herein can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms for the purposes of the compounds and methods provided herein.

Synthesis of Compounds

In some embodiments, the synthesis of compounds described herein are accomplished using means described in the chemical literature, using the methods described herein, or by a combination thereof. In addition, solvents, temperatures and other reaction conditions presented herein may vary.

In other embodiments, the starting materials and reagents used for the synthesis of the compounds described herein are synthesized or are obtained from commercial sources, such as, but not limited to, Sigma-Aldrich, FisherScientific (Fisher Chemicals), and AcrosOrganics.

In further embodiments, the compounds described herein, and other related compounds having different substituents are synthesized using techniques and materials described herein as well as those that are recognized in the field, such as described, for example, in Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989), March, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4^(th) Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4^(th) Ed., Vols. A and B (Plenum 2000, 2001), and Green and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 3^(rd) Ed., (Wiley 1999) (all of which are incorporated by reference for such disclosure). General methods for the preparation of compounds as disclosed herein may be derived from reactions and the reactions may be modified by the use of appropriate reagents and conditions, for the introduction of the various moieties found in the formulae as provided herein. As a guide the following synthetic methods may be utilized.

In the reactions described, it may be necessary to protect reactive functional groups, for example hydroxy, amino, imino, thio or carboxy groups, where these are desired in the final product, in order to avoid their unwanted participation in reactions. A detailed description of techniques applicable to the creation of protecting groups and their removal are described in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, N.Y., 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure).

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as shown in Scheme 1.

The synthesis of compound VII, X and XI can be accomplished by the reactions illustrated in Scheme 1. Activation of the carboxylic acid of formula II with a coupling reagent such as 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) in a solvent such as DMF or acetonitrile containing an amine base such as N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or other organic bases followed by treatment of this mixture with compound III gives rise to compounds of formula IV. For compound III any other suitable amino protecting group, such as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), can be alternatively used instead of the BOC group. Substitution of the coupling reagent EDC by carbonyliimidazole, BOP reagent, dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCC), or HATU produces compound IV. The deprotection of compound IV can be carried out by treatment of compound IV with trifluoracetic acid (TFA) in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride (DCM), to yield compounds of formula V. The reaction is preferably carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 50° C. Activation of the carboxylic acid of formula VI with 1-Propanephosphonic anhydride solution, 2,4,6-Tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (T3P) in a solvent such as ethyl acetate or acetonitrile containing an amine base such as N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or other organic bases followed by treatment with compound VII gives rise to compounds of formula VII. Alkylation of compound Vwith an alkylhalide VIII, benzylhalide VIII, or benzyltosylate in an inert organic solvent such as DMF with an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate or an organic base such as triethylamine produces compounds of formula X. The reaction is preferably carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 100° C. Treatment of compound V with cinnamic acid IX in an inert organic solvent such as DMF or THF containing N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-O-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate, O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and an organic base such as N,N-Diisopropylethylamine produces compounds of formula XI.

In some embodiments, compounds described herein are prepared as shown in Scheme 2.

The synthesis of Compound XVI and XVII can be accomplished by the reactions illustrated in Scheme 1. Activation of the carboxylic acid of formula II with a coupling reagent such as 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) in a solvent such as DMF or acetonitrile containing an amine base such as N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or other organic bases followed by treatment of this mixture with compound XIII gives rise to compounds of formula XIV. For compound XIII any other suitable amino protecting group, such as 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) or benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), can be alternatively used instead of the BOC group. Substitution of the coupling reagent EDC by carbonyliimidazole, BOP reagent, dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCC), or HATU produces compound XIV. The deprotection of compound XIV can be carried out by treatment of compound XIV with trifluoracetic acid (TFA) in an inert solvent such as methylene chloride (DCM), to yield compounds of formula XV. The reaction is preferably carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 50° C. Activation of the carboxylic acid of formula VI with T3P in a solvent such as ethyl acetate or acetonitrile containing an amine base such as N,N-Diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or other organic bases followed by treatment with compound XV gives rise to compounds of formula XVI. Alkylation of compound XV with an alkylhalide VII, benzylhalide VII, or benzyltosylate in an inert organic solvent such as DMF with an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate or an organic base such as triethylamine produces compounds of formula XVII. The reaction is preferably carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 100° C.

It will be understood that the reactions shown above are illustrative.

In one aspect, compounds are synthesized as described in the Examples section.

DEFINITIONS

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise:

“Amino” refers to the —NH₂ radical.

“Cyano” refers to the —CN radical.

“Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” refers to the —OH radical.

“Nitro” refers to the —NO₂ radical.

“Oxo” refers to the ═O substituent.

“Thioxo” refers to the ═S substituent.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical, having from one to thirty carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Alkyls comprising any number of carbon atoms from 1 to 10 are included. An alkyl comprising up to 10 carbon atoms is referred to as a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, likewise, for example, an alkyl comprising up to 6 carbon atoms is a C₁-C₆ alkyl. Alkyls (and other moieties defined herein) comprising other numbers of carbon atoms are represented similarly. Alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₉ alkyl, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₁-C₇ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl and C₄-C₈ alkyl. Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted as described below. “Alkylene” or “alkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent hydrocarbon chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group.

“Alkoxy” refers to a radical of the formula —OR where R is an alkyl radical as defined. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Heteroalkylene” refers to an alkyl radical as described above where one or more carbon atoms of the alkyl is replaced with a O, N or S atom. “Heteroalkylene” or “heteroalkylene chain” refers to a straight or branched divalent heteroalkyl chain linking the rest of the molecule to a radical group. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heteroalkyl or heteroalkylene group may be optionally substituted as described below. Representative heteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to —OCH₂CH₂OMe, —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂NH₂, or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂N(Me)₂. Representative heteroalkylene groups include, but are not limited to —OCH₂CH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—, or —OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂O—.

“Alkylamino” refers to a radical of the formula —NHR or —NRR where each R is, independently, an alkyl radical as defined above. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkylamino group may be optionally substituted as described below.

“Aryl” refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising hydrogen, 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of benzene, indane, indene, and naphthalene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the term “aryl” or the prefix “ar-” (such as in “aralkyl”) is meant to include aryl radicals that are optionally substituted.

“Carboxy” refers to —CO₂H. In some embodiments, carboxy moieties may be replaced with a “carboxylic acid bioisostere”, which refers to a functional group or moiety that exhibits similar physical and/or chemical properties as a carboxylic acid moiety. A carboxylic acid bioisostere has similar biological properties to that of a carboxylic acid group. A compound with a carboxylic acid moiety can have the carboxylic acid moiety exchanged with a carboxylic acid bioisostere and have similar physical and/or biological properties when compared to the carboxylic acid-containing compound. For example, in one embodiment, a carboxylic acid bioisostere would ionize at physiological pH to roughly the same extent as a carboxylic acid group. Examples of bioisosteres of a carboxylic acid include, but are not limited to,

and the like.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a stable, non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, which is saturated or unsaturated, and attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloaklyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms, from three to ten carbon atoms, from three to eight carbon atoms, from three to six carbon atoms, from three to five carbon atoms, or three to four carbon atoms. Monocyclic cycicoalkyl radicals include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic radicals include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, and 7,7-dimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl. Unless otherwise stated specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following moieties:

and the like.

“Fused” refers to any ring structure described herein which is fused to an existing ring structure. When the fused ring is a heterocyclyl ring or a heteroaryl ring, any carbon atom on the existing ring structure which becomes part of the fused heterocyclyl ring or the fused heteroaryl ring may be replaced with a nitrogen atom.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo.

“Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1,2-dibromoethyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a haloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Perhalo” or “perfluoro” refers to a moiety in which each hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halo atom or fluorine atom, respectively.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic ring” or “hetercycloalkyl” refers to a stable 3- to 14-membered non-aromatic ring radical comprising 2 to 13 carbon atoms and from one to 6 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic, or bicyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the heterocyclyl radical may be partially or fully saturated. Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted. Illustrative examples of heterocycloalkyl groups, also referred to as non-aromatic heterocycles, include:

and the like. The term heterocycloalkyl also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides and the oligosaccharides. Unless otherwise noted, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 8 carbons in the ring. In some embodiments, heterocycloalkyls have from 2 to 8 carbons in the ring and 1 or 2 N atoms. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocycloalkyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycloalkyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocycloalkyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocycloalkyl ring). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5- to 14-membered ring system radical comprising hydrogen atoms, one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. For purposes of this invention, the heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems; and the nitrogen, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

All the above groups may be either substituted or unsubstituted. The term “substituted” as used herein means any of the above groups may be further functionalized wherein at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a bond to a non-hydrogen atom substituent. Unless stated specifically in the specification, a substituted group may include one or more substituents selected from: oxo, halo, —CO₂H, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, thiooxy, alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyloxycarbonyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, dialkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines, diarylamines, perfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkoxy, for example, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy. “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a higher-order bond (e.g., a double- or triple-bond) to a heteroatom such as oxygen in oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, and ester groups; and nitrogen in groups such as imines, oximes, hydrazones, and nitriles. For example, “substituted” includes any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —NR_(g)C(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —NR_(g)C(═O)OR_(h), —NR_(g)SO₂R_(h), —OC(═O)NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), SR_(g), —SOR_(g), —SO₂R_(g), —OSO₂R_(g), —SO₂OR_(g), ═NSO₂R_(g), and —SO₂NR_(g)R_(h). “Substituted” also means any of the above groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with —C(═O)R_(g), —C(═O)OR_(g), —CH₂SO₂R_(g), —CH₂SO₂NR_(g)R_(h), —SH, —SR_(g) or —SSR_(g). In the foregoing, R_(g) and R_(h) are the same or different and independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, thioalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, and/or heteroarylalkyl. In addition, each of the foregoing substituents may also be optionally substituted with one or more of the above substituents. In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R¹²)—R¹³, —C(═O)—N(R¹²)—R¹³, —NR¹²C(═O)R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—C(═O)—R¹¹, —SR¹², —S(═O)R¹¹, —S(═O)₂R¹¹, —N(R¹²)S(═O)₂R¹¹, —S(═O)₂—N(R¹²)—R¹³, —C(═O)R¹¹, —B(OH)₂, —PO₃H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; each of R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or R¹² and R¹³, when on the same nitrogen atom, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted haloalkoxy, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, optional substituents are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OH, —NO₂, —N(R¹²)—R¹³, —C(═O)—N(R¹²)—R¹³, —NR¹²C(═O)R¹¹, —C(═O)—O—R¹¹, —O—C(═O)—R¹¹, —SR¹², —S(═O)R¹¹, —S(═O)₂R¹¹, —N(R¹²)S(═O)₂R¹¹, —S(═O)₂—N(R¹²)—R¹³, —C(═O)R¹³, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; each of R¹² and R¹³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; or R¹² and R¹³, when on the same nitrogen atom, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl; R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, phenyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

The terms “co-administration” or the like, as used herein, are meant to encompass administration of the selected therapeutic agents to a single patient, and are intended to include treatment regimens in which the agents are administered by the same or different route of administration or at the same or different time.

The terms “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refer to a sufficient amount of an agent or a compound being administered which will relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease or condition being treated. The result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. For example, an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the composition comprising a compound as disclosed herein required to provide a clinically significant decrease in disease symptoms. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined using techniques, such as a dose escalation study.

The term “pharmaceutical combination” as used herein, means a product that results from the mixing or combining of more than one active ingredient and includes both fixed and non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. The term “fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) and a co-agent, are both administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a single entity or dosage. The term “non-fixed combination” means that the active ingredients, e.g. a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) and a co-agent, are administered to a patient as separate entities either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specific intervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effective levels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. The latter also applies to cocktail therapy, e.g. the administration of three or more active ingredients.

The term “subject” or “patient” encompasses mammals. Examples of mammals include, but are not limited to, humans. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human.

The terms “treat,” “treating” or “treatment,” as used herein, include alleviating, abating or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition either prophylactically and/or therapeutically.

A “tautomer” refers to a proton shift from one atom of a molecule to another atom of the same molecule. The compounds presented herein may exist as tautomers. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Some examples of tautomeric interconversions include:

Administration and Pharmaceutical Composition

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995); Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999), herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure.

A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, refers to a mixture of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) with other chemical components (i.e. pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients), such as carriers, excipients, binders, filling agents, suspending agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, disintegrating agents, dispersing agents, surfactants, lubricants, colorants, diluents, solubilizers, moistening agents, plasticizers, stabilizers, penetration enhancers, wetting agents, anti-foaming agents, antioxidants, preservatives, or one or more combination thereof. The pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.

Pharmaceutical formulations described herein are administerable to a subject in a variety of ways by multiple administration routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, intranasal injections), intranasal, buccal, topical or transdermal administration routes. The pharmaceutical formulations described herein include, but are not limited to, aqueous liquid dispersions, self-emulsifying dispersions, solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, aerosols, solid dosage forms, powders, immediate release formulations, controlled release formulations, fast melt formulations, tablets, capsules, pills, delayed release formulations, extended release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate and controlled release formulations.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are administered orally.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are administered topically. In such embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) is formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, shampoos, scrubs, rubs, smears, medicated sticks, medicated bandages, balms, creams or ointments. In one aspect, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are administered topically to the skin.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are administered by inhalation.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are formulated for intranasal administration. Such formulations include nasal sprays, nasal mists, and the like.

In another aspect, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are formulated as eye drops.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments in which the effective amount of the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) is: (a) systemically administered to the mammal; and/or (b) administered orally to the mammal; and/or (c) intravenously administered to the mammal; and/or (d) administered by inhalation to the mammal; and/or (e) administered by nasal administration to the mammal; or and/or (f) administered by injection to the mammal; and/or (g) administered topically to the mammal; and/or (h) administered by ophthalmic administration; and/or (i) administered rectally to the mammal; and/or (j) adminstered non-systemically or locally to the mammal.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising single administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered once; (ii) the compound is administered to the mammal multiple times over the span of one day; (iii) continually; or (iv) continuously.

In any of the aforementioned aspects are further embodiments comprising multiple administrations of the effective amount of the compound, including further embodiments in which (i) the compound is administered continuously or intermittently: as in a a single dose; (ii) the time between multiple administrations is every 6 hours; (iii) the compound is administered to the mammal every 8 hours; (iv) the compound is administered to the mammal every 12 hours; (v) the compound is administered to the mammal every 24 hours. In further or alternative embodiments, the method comprises a drug holiday, wherein the administration of the compound is temporarily suspended or the dose of the compound being administered is temporarily reduced; at the end of the drug holiday, dosing of the compound is resumed. In one embodiment, the length of the drug holiday varies from 2 days to 1 year.

In certain embodiments, a compound as described herein is administered in a local rather than systemic manner.

In some embodiments, the compound described herein is administered topically. In some embodiments, the compound described herein is administered systemically.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a tablet. In other embodiments, pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are in the form of a capsule.

In one aspect, liquid formulation dosage forms for oral administration are in the form of aqueous suspensions or solutions selected from the group including, but not limited to, aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, gels, and syrups.

For administration by inhalation, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) is formulated for use as an aerosol, a mist or a powder.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take the form of tablets, lozenges, or gels formulated in a conventional manner.

In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are prepared as transdermal dosage forms.

In one aspect, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) is formulated into a pharmaceutical composition suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection.

In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be administered topically and can be formulated into a variety of topically administrable compositions, such as solutions, suspensions, lotions, gels, pastes, medicated sticks, balms, creams or ointments.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are formulated in rectal compositions such as enemas, rectal gels, rectal foams, rectal aerosols, suppositories, jelly suppositories, or retention enemas.

Methods of Dosing and Treatment Regimens

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) are used in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of diseases or conditions described herein. In addition, a method for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein in a subject in need of such treatment, involves administration of pharmaceutical compositions that include at least one compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, active metabolite, prodrug, or solvate thereof, in therapeutically effective amounts to said subject.

In certain embodiments, the compositions containing the compound(s) described herein are administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In certain therapeutic applications, the compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease or condition, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest at least one of the symptoms of the disease or condition. Amounts effective for this use depend on the severity and course of the disease or condition, previous therapy, the patient's health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. Therapeutically effective amounts are optionally determined by methods including, but not limited to, a dose escalation clinical trial.

In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the compounds described herein are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of a particular disease, disorder or condition.

In certain embodiments, the dose of drug being administered may be temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a “drug holiday”).

Doses employed for adult human treatment are typically in the range of 0.01 mg-5000 mg per day or from about 1 mg to about 1000 mg per day. In one embodiment, the desired dose is conveniently presented in a single dose or in divided doses.

Combination Treatments

In certain instances, it is appropriate to administer at least one compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) in combination with another therapeutic agent.

In one specific embodiment, a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) is co-administered with a second therapeutic agent, wherein the compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII) and the second therapeutic agent modulate different aspects of the disease, disorder or condition being treated, thereby providing a greater overall benefit than administration of either therapeutic agent alone.

For combination therapies described herein, dosages of the co-administered compounds vary depending on the type of co-drug(s) employed, on the specific drug(s) employed, on the disease or condition being treated and so forth. In additional embodiments, when co-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, the compound provided herein is administered either simultaneously with the one or more other therapeutic agents, or sequentially.

If administration is simultaneous, the multiple therapeutic agents are, by way of example only, provided in a single, unified form, or in multiple forms.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the disclosed embodiments. All reactions involving air and moisture-sensitive reagents and solvents were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere using standard chemical techniques Anhydrous solvents were purchased and freshly used from Sigma-Aldrich or EMD Biosciences. All organic reagents were used as purchased. Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on Partisil K6F silica gel 60 Å, 250 μm. Microwave-assisted reactions were performed using a CEM Discover system. ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts are reported in S values in ppm in the corresponding solvent. All solvents used for chromatography on the synthetic materials were Fisher Scientific HPLC grade, and the water was Millipore Milli-Q PP filtered. LCMS analysis of synthetic materials was completed on a Waters Autopurification system, which consists of a 2767 sample manager, a 2545 binary gradient module, a system fluidics organizer, a 2489 UV/vis detector, and a 3100 mass detector, all controlled with MassLynx software. A Sunfire Analytical C18 5 μm column (4.6×50 mm) and stepwise gradient {10% [(MeCN+0.1% TFA) in (water+0.1% TFA)] to 98% [(MeCN+0.1% TFA) in (water+0.1% TFA)] for 9 min.} was used for analytical LCMS of final compounds. The final compounds were purified by silica gel flash chromatography with ethyl acetate/hexanes as the eluant. All NMR spectra for the synthetic materials were recorded on a Bruker Avance II 400 or DRX-500 MHz instrument. The MestReNova 7 program was used to process and interpret NMR spectra. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) spectra were carried out on an Agilent 6224A Accurate-Mass Time-of-Flight (TOF) LC/MS system with electron spray ionization (ESI).

Example A1 Preparation of tert-butyl (E)-2-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate (General Procedure A)

4-Bromocinnamic acid (1.1 g, 4.86 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of DMF and after the addition of EDC (1.1 g, 5.75 mmol) and HOBT (0.9 g, 5.75 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. DIPEA (3.8 ml, 22.1 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[3,5]nonane-7-carboxylate (1 g, 4.42 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 17 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with citric acid and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure afforded tert-butyl-(E)-2-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carboxylate as a white solid which was used directly into the next step without purification. MS (EI) m/z 436 [(M+H)+].

Example B1 Preparation of (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (General Procedure B)

Tert-butyl (E)-2-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3,5]nonane-7-carboxylate (500 mg, 1.16 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. using an ice-water bath. Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was slowly added to the solution and the reaction was stirred for one hour at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was washed with toluene twice to remove excess of TFA and the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. MS (EI) m/z 336 [(M+1)+].

Example C1 Preparation of (2E,2′E)-1,1′-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2,7-diyl)bis(3-(4-bromophenyl))prop-2-en-1-one

4-Bromocinnamic acid (57.7 mg, 0.254 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL), after the addition of HBTU (114 mg, 0.300 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. DIPEA (0.2 ml, 1.16 mmol) and (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (100 mg 0.231 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in EtOAc (20 ml) and water (20 mL) was added and the two layers were separated. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure the crude mixture was purified using HPLC C-18 with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to give the title compound, (2E,2′E)-1,1′-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2,7-diyl)bis(3-(4-bromophenyl))prop-2-en-1-one, as a white solid. MS (EI) m/z 545 [(M+1)+].

Example C2 Preparation of (E)-1-(7-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro-[3.5] nonan-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one

3-Bromobenzoic acid (51.1 mg, 0.254 mmol) was dissolved in 3 ml of EtOAc and after the addition of 2,4,6-Tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (TP3) (0.1 ml, 0.3 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 ml, 1.16 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (100 mg 0.231 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified using HPLC with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to afford the title compound, (E)-1-(7-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro-[3.5] nonan-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, as a white solid. MS (EI) m/z 519 [(M+1)+].

Example C3 Preparation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one

4-fluorobenzoic acid (22 mg, 0.156 mmol) was dissolved in 3 ml of EtOAc and then 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (T3P) (0.8 ml, 2.7 mmol) and DIPEA (0.4 ml, 1.16 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one (prepared according to Procedure A and B), (50 mg, 0.130 mmol) was added to the solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified using HPLC with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to give the title compound, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one, as a white solid, MS (EI) m/z 411 [(M+1)+].

Example D1 Preparation of (5-bromo-1H-indol-2-yl)(7-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)methanone (General Procedure D)

(1-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-one (prepared according to Procedure A and B) (61 mg 0.138 mmol), 4-trifluorobenzyl bromide (30 mg 0.126 mmol) and cesium carbonate (123 mg 0.378 mmol) were stirred in DMF (5 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was subjected to heating at 66° C. for about 2 hours. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting precipitate was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water; the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified using HPLC with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to yield 60 mg of the title compound, (5-bromo-1H-indol-2-yl)(7-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)methanone, as a white solid, MS (EI) m/z 507 [(M+1)+].

Example E1 Preparation of 2,3-dibromo-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid (General Procedure E)

4-Chlorocinnamic acid (3.6 g, 19.7 mmol) was dissolved in 60 mL of CCl₄ and after the addition of 1 drop of aqueous HBr, the mixture was stirred at room temperature, and Br₂ (1 mL, 19.5 mmol) was added dropwise to the resulting mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the white precipitates were filtered and washed with hexane. The precipitate of the white solid 2,3-dibromo-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid was air dried which was used directly into the next step without purification. MS (EI) m/z 343 [(M+1)+].

Example F1 Preparation of 3-(4-bromophenyl)propiolic acid (General Procedure F)

2,3-dibromo-3-(4-chlorophenyl)propanoic acid (2 g, 5.84 mmol) was dissolved in 16% KOH in EtOH (7.1 mL) and stirred with refluxing at 40° C. for about 3 hours. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and saved. The reaction solution was acidified with concentrated HCl and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was combined with the previously extracted precipitate and was dissolved in water (100 mL). The solution was acidified with 20% sulfuric acid and adjusted with cooling (ice bath) to pH=1. After stirring for 20 min at room temperature, the solution was filtered and washed with 2% sulfuric acid and dried. After crystallization from acetonitrile and re-crystallizing the residue from ethanol 3-(4-bromophenyl)propiolic acid was isolated as a white solid, MS (EI) m/z 226 [(M+1)+].

Example G1 Preparation of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propiolic acid (General Procedure G)

Propiolic acid (0.24 ml, 3.9 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (55 mg, 0.078 mmol) and DIPEA (1.7 ml, 9.8 mmol) were added in 20 ml of DMF. After the addition of CuI (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 5-iodobenzo[d][1,3]dioxole (0.5 ml, 3.9 mmol), the mixture was stirred for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere in an enclosed flask at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, and the resulting mixture was diluted with EtOAc, filtered through a bed of celite. The filtrate was washed with cold aqueous KOH solution and acidified with dilute sulfuric acid (10% solution) at 0° C. The solid obtained was extracted with dichloromethane and the extract was washed with water, brine solution and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo to get the resulting title compound, 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propiolic acid, as a dark brown powder, which was used as isolated in the next reaction. MS (EI) m/z 191 [(M+1)+].

Example H1 Preparation of tert-butyl 7-(3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propioloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (General Procedure H)

3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propiolic acid (200 mg, 1.05 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (30 ml) and after addition of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (T3P) (1 ml, 3.39 mmol) and DIPEA (0.6 ml, 3.44 mmol), the mixture was stirred for about 20 minutes at room temperature. Tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (196 mg, 1.05 mmol) was added in the mixture and stirred for about 48 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was washed with water, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure afforded the title compound tert-butyl 7-(3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propioloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate which was used directly into the next step without purification, confirmed with HPLC. MS (EI) m/z 399 [(M+1)+].

Example H2 Preparation of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one hydrochloride

tert-butyl 7-(3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)propioloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (160 mg, 0.40 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4 dioxane (20 mL) and after addition of 4M HCl (6 mL), the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to yielded the HCl salt 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one hydrochloride. MS (EI) m/z 299 [(M+1)+].

Example I1 Preparation of 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(2-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one (General Procedure I)

4-Bromobenzoic acid (80 mg, 0.398 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of DMF and after the addition of EDC (99 mg, 0.517 mmol) and HOBt (79 mg, 0.517 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. DIPEA (0.5 ml, 2.39 mmol) and 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one hydrochloride (133 mg, 0.398 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture, and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with water, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified using HPLC with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to yield 3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(2-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-yn-1-one as a white solid. MS (EI) m/z 482 [(M+1)+].

Example J1 Preparation of tert-butyl (E)-7-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (General Procedure J)

4-Bromocinnamic acid (1.1 g, 4.86 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of DMF and after the addition of EDC (1.1 g, 5.75 mmol) and HOBt (0.9 g, 5.75 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. DIPEA (3.8 ml, 22.1 mmol) and tert-butyl 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (1 g, 4.42 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 17 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with citric acid and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure afforded the title compound tert-butyl (E)-7-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate as a white solid which was used directly into the next step without purification. MS (EI) m/z 436 [(M+1)+].

Example K1 Preparation of (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2λ⁴,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (General Procedure K)

Tert-butyl (E)-7-(3-(4-bromophenyl)acryloyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-2-carboxylate (500 mg, 1.16 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. using an ice-water bath. Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was slowly added to the resulting mixture and the reaction was stirred for one hour at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was washed with toluene twice to remove excess of TFA and the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)-2λ⁴,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. MS (EI) m/z 336 [(M+1)+].

Example L1 Preparation of (E)-1-(7-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (General Procedure L)

4-Chlorobenzoic acid (51.1 mg, 0.254 mmol) was dissolved in 3 mL of EtOAc and after the addition of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide (T3P) (0.1 ml, 0.3 mmol) and DIPEA (0.2 ml, 1.16 mmol), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. (E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-(2,2,2-trifluroacetyl)-2,7λ⁴1-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (100 mg 0.231 mmol) were added to the resulting mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours at room temperature. When the reaction was determined to be complete by HPLC, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid was dissolved in EtOAc. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and dried over Na₂SO₄. The resulting organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained compound was purified using HPLC with acetonitrile and water (20:100 gradient) to yield (E)-1-(7-(4-bromobenzoyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one as a white solid, MS (EI) m/z 474 [(M+1)+].

The following compounds were prepared using Procedures A-L described above:

Compound Name MS m/z C1 (2E)-1-{7-[(2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7- 545 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C2 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(3-bromophenyl)carbonyl]- 519 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C3 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 411 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C4 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 413 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C5 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 426 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C6 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 460 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C7 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-[2-(phenylcarbonyl)-2,7- 440 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl]prop-2-en-1-one C8 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 444 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C9 (2E)-1-{2-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 500 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C10 (2E)-1-{2-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 509 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C11 (2E)-1-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 495 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C12 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(3-methylphenyl)carbonyl]- 454 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C13 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[3-fluoro-4- 494 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl ketone C14 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[3-fluoro-4- 480 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C15 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}- 462 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C16 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5- 476 yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C17 5-chloroindol-2-yl 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 412 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl ketone C18 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[3-fluoro-4- 494 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl ketone C19 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]- 474 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C20 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]- 458 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C21 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 508 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C22 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-3- 526 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C23 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5- 508 yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en- 1-one C24 (2E)-1-(7-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7- 562 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C25 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 444 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C26 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 460 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C27 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-3- 512 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C28 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4- 448 fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- en-1-one C29 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4- 464 chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- en-1-one C30 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 498 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C31 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol- 498 5-yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2- en-1-one C32 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]- 434 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C33 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- 450 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C34 (2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[3-fluoro-4- 502 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C35 (2E)-1-{2-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7- 525 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-en- 1-one C36 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl}- 478 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C37 4-(2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)-2,7- 452 diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carbonyl)phenylboronic acid C38 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 426 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C39 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}- 476 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C40 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 443 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C41 4-(2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)-2,7- 452 diazaspiro[3.5]nonane-7-carbonyl)phenylboronic acid C42 5-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetraazol-5- 476 yl)phenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C43 4-({2-[(2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2,7- 483 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}carbonyl)-2- fluorobenzenecarbonitrile C44 (2E)-1-{7-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 476 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C45 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4-fluoro-2- 526 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C46 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 532 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C47 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 471 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C48 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2- 539 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl ketone C49 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 472 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C50 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}- 507 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C51 (2E)-1-{7-[(4-aminophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 455 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}-3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1- one C52 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-fluoro-2- 526 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C53 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]- 458 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-en-1-one C54 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 508 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-en-1-one C55 6-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 426 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C56 6-chloroindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 443 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C57 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 471 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C58 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}- 521 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C59 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 487 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C60 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2- 525 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C61 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-fluoro-2- 539 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl ketone C62 7-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- 499 yl 5-bromoindol-2-yl ketone C63 6-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}- 507 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone C64 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 472 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C65 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 506 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C66 bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 517 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C67 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 456 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C68 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 442 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C69 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 458 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C70 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 472 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C71 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 506 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C72 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 503 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C73 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 492 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C74 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 468 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C75 3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,7- 454 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C76 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 428 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C77 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 411 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C78 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 447 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C79 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 461 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C80 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 461 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C81 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 397 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C82 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 414 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C83 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 447 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C84 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 428 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C85 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-2,7- 414 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C86 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 395 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C87 1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- 411 yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one C88 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4- 445 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C89 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 407 diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C90 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(2-{[4-fluoro-2- 449 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C91 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 423 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C92 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 407 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C93 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-fluorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7- 395 diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C94 1-{7-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- 411 yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one C95 1-{7-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- 456 yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one C96 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(7-{[4- 445 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2- yl)prop-2-yn-1-one C97 3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-{7-[(4-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]- 425 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl}prop-2-yn-1-one C98 3-(2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolen-5-yl)-1-{2-[(4- 437 chlorophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2- yn-1-one C99 1-{2-[(4-bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7- 456 yl}-3-(4-fluorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-one C100 5-chloroindol-2-yl 9-{[3-fluoro-4- 522 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}-3,9- diazaspiro[5.5]undec-3-yl ketone D1 5-bromoindol-2-yl 7-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}- 521 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-2-yl ketone I1 3-(2H-benzo[3,4-d]1,3-dioxolen-5-yl)-1-{2-[(4- 482 bromophenyl)carbonyl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop- 2-yn-1-one L1 (2E)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)carbonyl]- 474 2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-yl}prop-2-en-1-one

Example PC Parenteral Composition

To prepare a parenteral pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration by injection, 100 mg of a water-soluble salt of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, is dissolved in 2% HPMC, 1% Tween 80 in DI water, pH 2.2 with MSA, q.s. to at least 20 mg/mL. The mixture is incorporated into a dosage unit form suitable for administration by injection.

Example OC Oral Composition

To prepare a pharmaceutical composition for oral delivery, 100 mg of a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), or (VIII), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, N-oxide, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, is mixed with 750 mg of starch. The mixture is incorporated into an oral dosage unit for, such as a hard gelatin capsule, which is suitable for oral administration.

Example BA Cell-Based Luminescent Assay

To assess EBI2 modulation, the compounds described herein were assayed in the following cell-based luminescent assay:

Protocol Day 1 Cell Seeding

1) Plated 600 cells/well in 4 μL of assay media into columns 1-48 of a 1536-well assay plate, using a liquid dispenser. 2) Centrifuged plates at 1000 rpm for 1 minute and covered with lids. 3) Incubated overnight at 37° C., 100% relative humidity, 5% CO₂.

Day 2 Compound Addition

1) Centrifuged compound plates containing compounds described herein at 500 rpm for 1 minute. 2) Added compounds into assay plate col 5-48 to final concentration 4-5 uM. Added matching amount of DMSO to positive and negative control wells in columns 1-4. 3) Dispensed 2 uL/well of assay media to columns 1-2 for the positive control wells. 4) Added 2 uL/well of 400 nM 7a,25-OHC (final assay concentration=80 nM) in assay media to columns 3-48 for the negative control and test compound wells. 5) Centrifuged plates at 1000 rpm for 1 minute and re-lid plates. 6) Incubated plates at 37° C., 100% relative humidity, 5% CO₂ for 60 minutes. 7) Following 60 minute incubation, delivered 2.5 uL of Detection Reagent solution to each assay plate (Columns 1-48) using a liquid handler. 8) Centrifuged plates at 2000 rpm for 2 minutes and re-lid plates. 9) Incubated plates for 60 minutes at 25 degrees in the dark. 10) Read plates using the Viewlux, Envision or other suitable plate reader using a luminescence detection.

The test compounds that demonstrated a corrected % activity of >=50% were defined as inhibitors of the reaction. The experimental values were normalized by the difference between values from neutral and stimulator control wells in each plate. Then normalized data was corrected to remove systematic plate patterns due to artifacts such as dispensing tip issues etc. IC50 data for the assay is shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀: A <100 nM; 100 nM ≦ B ≦ 500 nM; C 500 nM < C < 5 μM Compound IC₅₀ CI A C2 A C3 B C4 A C5 A C6 A C7 A C8 A C9 A C10 A C11 A C12 A C13 B C14 B C15 B C16 C C17 A C18 A C19 A C20 A C21 A C22 A C23 B C24 B C25 B C26 B C27 B C28 A C29 A C30 A C31 C C32 B C33 B C34 B C35 A C36 B C37 B C38 B C39 A C40 A C41 C C42 C C43 A C44 A C45 A C46 A C47 B C48 A C49 C C50 C C51 A C52 A C53 A C54 A C55 C C56 C C57 C C58 C C59 C C60 C C61 B C62 B C63 C C64 B C65 B C66 B C67 C C68 A C69 A C70 B C71 A C72 A C73 A C74 A C75 B C76 A C77 A C78 A C79 A C80 A C81 B C82 A C83 C C84 A C85 B C86 B C87 A C88 A C89 B C90 B C91 A C92 B C93 C C94 B C95 A C96 A C97 B C98 B C99 B C100 A D1 A H1 C L1 A

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having the structure of Formula (I):

wherein: X is a bond, —CH═CH—, or —C≡C—; Y is a bond, —C(═O)—, —S(═O)₂—, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆alkyl-; R₁ is optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R₂ is optionally substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, optionally substituted benzimidazolyl, optionally substituted benzoxazolyl, optionally substituted benzothiazolyl, or optionally substituted quinolinyl; each p is an integer independently selected from 1-3; and each t is an integer independently selected from 1-3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is optionally substituted phenyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl.
 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein R₁ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl.
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl.
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl.
 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl.
 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein X is —CH═CH—.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein X is —C≡C—.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₁ is optionally substituted indolyl, optionally substituted benzofuranyl, or optionally substituted benzothiophenyl.
 12. The compound of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl.
 13. The compound of any one of claims 10-12, wherein R₁ is indolyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl.
 14. The compound of any one of claims 10-13, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted phenyl.
 15. The compound of any one of claims 10-14, wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —NH₂, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OH, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and heteroaryl.
 16. The compound of any one of claims 10-15, wherein R₂ is phenyl substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, —CF₃, —OC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl.
 17. The compound of any one of claims 10-16, wherein X is a bond.
 18. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, wherein Y is —C₁-C₆alkyl-.
 19. The compound of any one of claims 1-18, wherein Y is —CH₂—.
 20. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, wherein Y is a bond.
 21. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, wherein Y is —C(═O)—.
 22. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, wherein Y is —S(═O)₂—.
 23. The compound of any one of claims 1-22, wherein each p is 1 and each t is
 2. 24. The compound of any one of claims 1-22, wherein each p is 2 and each t is
 1. 25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-24 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug, or N-oxide thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 26. A method of treating an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from type-1-diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.
 28. A method of treating a cardiovascular disease, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis.
 30. A method of treating a viral infection, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the viral infection is an Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) infection.
 32. A method of treating cancer, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-24, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the cancer is a blood, brain, breast, colorectal, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, skin or uterine cancer.
 34. The method of claim 32, wherein the cancer produces molecules involved in Epstein-Barr virus-induced G-protein coupled receptor 2 (EBI2) mediated signaling.
 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is associated with EBV or other herpes virus infections.
 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is a hematopoietic tumor.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein the hematopoietic tumor is a tumor of myeloid or lymphoid tissues.
 38. The method of claim 34, wherein the cancer is a brain cancer.
 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the molecules are EBI2 receptor.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the EBI2 receptor is mutated or its expression level is altered.
 41. The method of claim 34, wherein the molecules are oxysterols.
 42. The method of claim 41, wherein the oxysterol is an EBI2 ligand.
 43. The method of claim 41, wherein the oxysterol level is altered.
 44. The method of claim 34, wherein the molecule is an enzyme involved in metabolism of oxysterols.
 45. The method of claim 44, wherein the enzyme is mutated or its expression level is altered. 